非洲猪瘟病毒感染后猪外周血淋巴细胞Toll样受体信号通路的lncRNA-mRNA分析

【目的】丰富非洲猪瘟病毒（African swine fever virus,ASFV）感染后猪外周血淋巴细胞长链非编码RNA（long non-coding RNA,lncRNA）表达谱,并进一步挖掘影响Toll样受体信号通路的调控网络。【方法】试验动物感染ASFV,于第7天采集外周血并分离得到外周血淋巴细胞,运用Illumina高通量组学测序对外周血淋巴细胞中lncRNA进行测序,原始数据经处理后筛选获得差异表达的lncRNA,并进行靶基因预测,利用生物信息学方法对靶基因进行GO功能和KEGG信号通路富集分析,初步绘制与Toll样受体信号通路相关的lncRNA-mRNA调控网络,并对lncRNA-ENSSSCG00000041959在内的4个lncRNAs进行实时荧光定量RT-PCR验证。【结果】共筛选到73个差异表达的lncRNAs,其中上调表达lncRNAs 38个,下调表达lncRNAs 35个。GO功能分析结果显示,靶基因显著富集在调节免疫系统过程、防御反应、生物刺激、病毒反应和先天性免疫;KEGG信号通路富集分析显示,大部分靶基因与细胞循环、疾病及免疫应答有关,其中免疫相关信号通路有Toll样受体信号通路、TNF信号通路、产生IgA的肠道免疫网络等。进一步挖掘出lncRNA-ENSSSCG00000041959-RIPK1和lncRNA-ENSSSCG00000041959-IRAK1可能是影响Toll样受体信号通路的重要调控网络,实时荧光定量RT-PCR与测序结果一致。【结论】本研究初步鉴定出lncRNA-ENSSSCG00000041959-RIPK1和lncRNA-ENSSSCG00000041959-IRAK1可能是影响Toll样受体信号通路的lncRNA-mRNA调控网络,为进一步探索lncRNA调控ASFV感染机体免疫反应奠定了理论基础。     

黑种草子提取物对小鼠酒精性肝损伤的修复作用及机制研究

【目的】验证黑种草子提取物对小鼠酒精性肝损伤的修复作用并探究其机制,为其临床开发研究提供理论依据。【方法】将56只3周龄昆明小鼠随机均分为7组：空白对照组,模型组,黑种草子提取物高、中、低剂量组,黑种草子粉剂组及水飞蓟宾阳性对照组,每组8只。除空白对照组外,其余各组均以10 mL/kg 60%酒精灌胃,每天1次,连续15 d。第16天,黑种草子提取物高、中、低剂量组分别给予8、4、2 mL/kg黑种草子提取物,每天1次,连续10 d后处死小鼠。计算各组小鼠肝脏指数;检测血清中谷丙转氨酶（alanine aminotransferase,ALT）、谷草转氨酶（aspartate aminotransferase,AST）、过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px）活力;制备肝脏石蜡切片观察其病理变化;Western blotting检测NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3（NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3,NLRP3）、含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶1（cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 1,Caspase-1）和白细胞介素1β（interleukin-1β,IL-1β）的蛋白表达水平。【结果】与空白对照组相比,模型组小鼠肝脏指数显著上升（P<0.05）,肝细胞出现明显颗粒变性,水泡变性,核溶解,界限区分不清,肝索消失;血清ALT、AST活力显著上升（P<0.05）,SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活力显著下降（P<0.05）,说明肝损伤模型建立成功,且肝脏组织中NLRP3、Caspase-1和IL-1β蛋白表达水平显著升高（P<0.05）。与模型组相比,黑种草子提取物各剂量组血清ALT、AST活力均呈下降趋势,SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活力均呈上升趋势,其中高剂量组上述各指标均呈显著差异（P<0.05）,肝脏组织结构明显改善,NLRP3、Caspase-1和IL-1β蛋白表达水平均显著下降（P<0.05）。【结论】高剂量（8 mL/kg）黑种草子提取物可显著提高肝损伤小鼠的抗氧化水平,且可以通过抑制NLRP3炎性小体的表达而减少IL-1β的合成,从而改善肝脏功能和修复受损的肝脏组织结构。     

黄芩苷通过抑制核因子-κB和激活核因子-E2相关因子2信号通路缓解脂多糖诱导的小鼠空肠炎症和氧化应激

本试验旨在探讨黄芩苷对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠空肠炎症和氧化应激的缓解作用及其分子机制。将36只小鼠随机分为对照组、阴性对照组、模型组以及低、中、高剂量黄芩苷组,每组6只。适应性生长7 d后开始试验。对照组小鼠不作处理,阴性对照组和模型组小鼠每天灌胃0.2 mL磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS),黄芩苷组小鼠每天灌胃黄芩苷药液0.2 mL(根据小鼠体重计算黄芩苷用量,低剂量组为100 mg/kg BW,中剂量组为200 mg/kg BW,高剂量组为400 mg/kg BW),连续灌胃7 d,第7天给模型组、黄芩苷组小鼠腹腔注射0.2 mL LPS(3.5 mg/kg BW)。注射LPS 24 h后处死小鼠,取空肠进行形态学观察,检测空肠中炎性因子mRNA表达量和含量以及核因子-κB(NF-κB)和核因子-E2相关因子2(Nrf2)/血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)信号通路关键蛋白表达量的变化。结果显示:相比于对照组,模型组小鼠空肠组织绒毛结构损伤,绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值显著降低(P<0.05),空肠中Toll样受体4(TLR4)的mRNA表达量显著升高(P<0.05),炎性因子[白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)]的mRNA表达量和含量显著升高(P<0.05),P65的蛋白表达量、磷酸化NF-κB抑制蛋白α(P-IκBα)/NF-κB抑制蛋白α(IκBα)和磷酸化P65(P-P65)/P65比值显著升高(P<0.05),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和HO-1的蛋白表达量显著降低(P<0.05)。相对于模型组,黄芩苷组小鼠空肠组织结构得到明显改善,绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值显著升高(P<0.05),TLR4和炎性因子的mRNA表达量显著下降(P<0.05),P-65、P-IκBα的蛋白表达量显著降低(P<0.05);高剂量黄芩苷组空肠中SOD的活性显著升高(P<0.05);中、高剂量黄芩苷组空肠中HO-1和醌氧化还原酶-1(NQO-1)的mRNA表达量显著升高(P<0.05),HO-1和胞核Nrf2的蛋白表达量显著升高(P<0.05)。综上可知,在LPS构建的小鼠空肠炎症模型中,黄芩苷在适宜剂量内可以通过抑制NF-κB信号通路发挥抗炎症作用,通过激活Nrf2信号通路发挥抗氧化作用,推荐剂量为200 mg/kg BW。     

葛根素缓解镉对大鼠股骨胫骨中成骨细胞分化的抑制作用

旨在探究葛根素对镉（cadmium,Cd）抑制大鼠股骨胫骨中成骨细胞（osteoblast,OB）分化的缓解效应。选取40只3周龄SD雄性大鼠,随机分为4组,分别为对照组（CON）、镉组（Cd）、葛根素组（Pur）和镉+葛根素组（Cd+Pur）,每组10只。其中,对照组和镉组大鼠灌服超纯水,连续5周;含葛根素组（葛根素组和镉+葛根素组）大鼠每日灌服葛根素溶液（200 mg·kg^-1BW）,连续5周;从第5周开始,对照组与葛根素组大鼠每日腹腔注射生理盐水,含镉组（镉组和镉+葛根素组）大鼠每日腹腔注射醋酸镉（2.5 mg·kg^-1BW）,连续1周。通过原子吸收光谱法检测大鼠股骨胫骨中Cd、钙（Ca）与磷（P）的含量,qRT-PCR方法检测OB标志基因（RUNX2、OCN、ALP和OSX）的水平,Western blot检测Wnt/β-catenin信号通路相关蛋白（β-catenin、Wnt3A、LEF1和TCF1）的表达。结果显示,与对照组相比,镉组股骨和胫骨中镉含量极显著上调（P<0.01）,OB标志基因均下调,Wnt/β-catenin信号通路相关蛋白极显著下调（P<0.01）,但Ca和P含量无显著变化（P>0.05）;葛根素组股骨胫骨中镉、Ca与P含量无显著变化（P>0.05）,OB标志基因（RUNX2、ALP和OCN）极显著上调（P<0.01）,Wnt/β-catenin信号通路相关蛋白极显著上调（P<0.01）;与镉组相比,镉+葛根素组股骨胫骨中镉含量极显著下调（P<0.01）,OB标志基因极显著上调（P<0.01）,Wnt/β-catenin信号通路相关蛋白极显著上调（P<0.01）,但骨中Ca与P含量无显著变化（P>0.05）。结果表明,葛根素对镉抑制大鼠OB分化具有一定的缓解效应,该过程涉及Wnt/β-catenin信号通路。     

GPX4失活通过JNK通路缓解LPS诱导巨噬细胞炎症反应

【目的】 研究硒蛋白谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4（glutathione peroxidases 4,GPX4）失活如何参与调控脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞炎症反应及其潜在的分子机制。【方法】 体外培养RAW264.7巨噬细胞,以DMSO为对照,使用0.1~5.0 μmol/L GPX4抑制剂FIN56处理,通过CCK-8法检测细胞活力和Western blotting检测GPX4蛋白表达水平,确定抑制剂最适浓度。将RAW264.7巨噬细胞分为4组：对照组,添加DMSO培养24 h;FIN56（GPX4抑制剂）组,添加0.5 μmol/L FIN56培养24 h;DMSO-LPS组,DMSO培养24 h后使用LPS （100 ng/mL）刺激3 h;FIN56-LPS组,FIN56培养24 h后使用LPS刺激3 h。各组细胞经培养后,利用荧光探针2',7'-二氯二氢荧光素二乙酸酯（2',7'-dichlorodi-hydrofluorescein diacetate,H₂DCFDA）检测细胞内活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）水平,使用试剂盒法检测细胞内丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）水平,分别使用ELISA和荧光定量PCR检测促炎细胞因子白细胞介素1β（interleukin-1β,IL-1β）、白细胞介素6（interleukin-6,IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）的分泌水平和基因表达量,使用Western blotting法检测Toll样受体4（toll like receptor 4,TLR4）信号通路相关蛋白表达水平。【结果】 与DMSO处理相比,0.5 μmol/L FIN56处理巨噬细胞24 h对细胞活性无显著影响（P>0.05）,且显著降低GPX4蛋白表达水平（P<0.05）,故选用0.5 μmol/L FIN56用于后续实验。与对照组相比,FIN56和LPS均显著增加了ROS积累（P<0.05）,而与DMSO-LPS组相比,FIN56-LPS组ROS水平显著升高（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,LPS可显著增加小鼠巨噬细胞IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的mRNA表达量和IL-6含量,以及c-Jun氨基末端蛋白激酶（c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase,JNK）和c-Jun磷酸化水平（P<0.05）,而FIN56可显著下调LPS诱导的IL-6的mRNA表达量和含量及JNK和c-Jun磷酸化水平（P<0.05）,但对p38蛋白（p38 MAPK,p38）、细胞外调节蛋白激酶（phosphorylate extracellular regulated protein kinases1/2,Erk1/2）蛋白表达水平无显著影响（P>0.05）。【结论】 GPX4失活可有效阻断JNK和c-Jun磷酸化,从而特异性抑制LPS诱导的巨噬细胞的炎症反应。该结果可为以GPX4为靶点研发抗炎治疗策略提供理论依据。     

Discovery of a new gene causing dark green cotyledons and pathway of pigment synthesis in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik)

A new gene is reported which functions as a master gene for synthesis of the pigments determining cotyledon colour in lentil. This gene is different from the two earlier reported genes which are responsible for synthesis of yellow (gene Y) and brown (gene B) pigments. Double recessive homozygous condition of these two genes results into loss of both pigments and, consequently, produces light green cotyledons. The new gene, in contrast, produces dark green cotyledons in recessive condition irrespective of the dominance or recessive state of the Y and B genes. It is hypothesized that the new gene for dark green cotyledon colour (Dg) acts at an earlier stage in the biosynthesis of the two cotyledon-specific pigments, which are derived from a common precursor, whose synthesis is blocked when Dg mutates to its recessive condition. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

利用花粉管通道法将兔防御素NP-1基因导入小麦的研究

兔防御素NP-1是抗性谱最广的防御素之一。为提高小麦的抗病虫能力,培育优质高抗的小麦品种,采用花粉管通道法将兔防御素NP-1基因导入优质小麦品种G8901。对得到的193株T0植株进行抗除草剂筛选,获得4株抗性植株。通过PCR及PCR-Southern杂交,证实了NP-1基因已经整合到转基因植株的基因组中,并稳定遗传到T1。田间抗病虫鉴定结果表明,这些植株对于白粉病、叶锈和条锈病有较强的免疫力和抗性,但对于蚜虫的抗性没有明显提高。     

Effects of naringenin on PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and endoplasmic reticulum stress and its related apoptotic pathways in rats with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury

AIM To observe the effect of naringenin on cardiac injury in ischemia/reperfusion （I/R） rats, and to explore whether the role of naringenin is involved in PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and endoplasmic reticulum stress and its related apoptotic pathways. METHODS SD rats （n=48） were randomly divided into sham operation （sham） group, model （I/R） group, naringenin treatment （NAR） group and naringenin+LY294002 （NL） group. Myocardial I/R injury model was prepared by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery of rats for 30 min followed by reperfusion for 120 min. After reperfusion, the serum levels of cardiac troponin I （cTnI） was measured by ELISA. HE staining, TTC staining and TUNEL staining were used to detect the myocardial histopathological changes, myocardial infarction area and myocardial cell apoptotic rate. The mRNA levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related indicators glucose-regulated protein 78 （GRP78）, C/EBP homologous protein （CHOP） and caspase-12 were detected by RT-qPCR. The protein levels of cleaved caspase-3, GRP78, CHOP, caspase-12, p-PI3K and p-AKT were determined by Western blot. RESULTS Compared with I/R group, the serum content of cTnI, myocardial pathological damage, myocardial infarction area and myocardial cell apoptotic rate were significantly reduced （P<0.05）, the protein levels of cleaved caspase-3, GRP78, CHOP and caspase-12 were decreased （P<0.05）, and the protein levels of p-PI3K and p-AKT were increased in NAR group （P<0.05）. LY294002 attenuated the protective effect of naringenin to some extent. CONCLUSION Naringenin reduces myocardial I/R injury in rats possibly by activating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and subsequently regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress and its related apoptotic pathways.     

Mechanism of Fuzilizhong decoction alleviating inflammatory damage of rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

AIM To observe the effect of Fuzilizhong decoction on the inflammatory damage of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） rats and to explore its mechanism. METHODS SPF male SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups： control group, model group, high dose （20 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）, middle dose （10 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）, low dose （5 mg·kg^-1·d^-1） Fuzilizhong decoction group and Yishanfu （30 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）group, 8 rats in each group. A NAFLD rat modelwas established by intragastric administration of fat emulsion for 4 weeks. Then the drug was given for 4 weeks in each treatment group. HE staining was performed to observe the histopathological changes of the rat liver.The serum levels of interleukin-2（IL-2）, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α） were measured by ELISA. The expression of toll like receptor 4（TLR4） and NF-κB p65 in liver tissues at mRNA and protein levels was determined by RT-qPCR and Western bolt,respectively. RESULTS Compared with control group, the inflammatory damage of liver tissue was more serious, the serum levels of IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α, the mRNA expression TLR4 and NF-κB p65 in liver tissues were significantly increased in model group（P<0.05）. However, compared with model group, the liver pathological changes in each treatment group were significantly relieved, the serum levels of IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α, the mRNA expression of TLR4 and NF-κB p65 in liver tissues were significantly reduced（P<0.05）.In addition, the changes of TLR4 and p-NF-κB p65 protein levels in liver tissue were consistent with the changes of TLR4 and NF-κB p65 mRNA. CONCLUSION Fuzilizhong decoction attenuates the inflammatory damages of NAFLD in rats by inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway.